Wheat protein is extracted from wheat by enzymolysis. Wheat contains about 13% protein, which is mainly composed of albumin, globulin, gliadin, and glutenin, while wheat gluten mainly contains melolin and glutenin, collectively known as storage protein (accounting for 80% of the dry basis of wheat protein). Due to the malleability of melolin, wheat gluten has elasticity, can form a network structure with water, so as to have excellent viscoelasticity, extensibility, water absorption, liposuction emulsification, film-forming characteristics, and light mellow flavor or slightly grain flavor and other unique physical characteristics.
The protein content of different wheat varieties is different. The protein content of general wheat accounts for 8%-16% of the total grain weight, and the protein content of flour is 8%-15%. Wheat protein can be divided into albumin, globulin, glutenin, and glutenin according to its solubility. Albumin accounts for 3% ~ 5% of the total wheat protein, mainly exists in the embryo, soluble in water and dilute salt solution, poor thermal stability, variability at 60℃. Globulin accounted for 6% ~ 10% of wheat protein, soluble in 10% NaCl, insoluble in water.
Melolated gluten accounts for 40% ~ 50% of the total wheat protein, is the main protein of wheat, insoluble in water and neutral salt solution, soluble in 70% ~ 90% ethanol. Glutenin accounted for 30% ~ 40% of the total wheat protein, insoluble in water or ethanol, soluble in acid or alkali solution. Melolated gluten and glutenin are the main components of gluten protein, which are the main indexes to evaluate wheat flour.
Wheat proteins can be divided into monomer proteins (consisting of one peptide chain) and aggregate proteins (consisting of more than two peptide chains) according to the number of constituent peptide chains. About 85% of the aggregate protein is glutenin, while the monomer protein is mainly composed of glutenin, albumin, and globulin. Albumin and globulin are mainly deposited in the embryo and aleurone layer, and a small part exists in the endosperm. The molecular weight of albumin and globulin is 12 ~ 60 kDa, containing more lysine, tryptophan, and methionine. They are enzyme proteins in cells, involved in various metabolism, and have a good nutritional balance, which determines the nutritional quality of wheat.
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